The Internationalization of American Domestic Law
For many years, some critics of international law (mostly but not exclusively on the political right) have argued that international law is not "real law" because rulings by international tribunals lack the kind of enforcement mechanisms that one sees within domestic legal systems. If a state or federal court orders defendant Jones to pay plaintiff Smith $100,000 in damages for negligence, Jones must comply. If Jones fails to comply, Smith can obtain a lien on property Jones owns and the government will use force if needed to ensure that Jones pays. By contrast, if Sovereign A is found to have violated an international law duty owed to Sovereign B, no supra-sovereign military or police force will enforce the judgment against a recalcitrant Sovereign A. Sovereign B can resort only to its diplomatic and political remedies. The foregoing critique is, in my view and in the view of most mainstream scholars of international law, misguided. As a theoretical matter, it appears to res...